pgsql: Fix "base" snapshot handling in logical decoding

Fix "base" snapshot handling in logical decoding

Two closely related bugs are fixed. First, xmin of logical slots was
advanced too early. During xl_running_xacts processing, xmin of the
slot was set to the oldest running xid in the record, but that's wrong:
actually, snapshots which will be used for not-yet-replayed transactions
might consider older txns as running too, so we need to keep xmin back
for them. The problem wasn't noticed earlier because DDL which allows
to delete tuple (set xmax) while some another not-yet-committed
transaction looks at it is pretty rare, if not unique: e.g. all forms of
ALTER TABLE which change schema acquire ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock
conflicting with any inserts. The included test case (test_decoding's
oldest_xmin) uses ALTER of a composite type, which doesn't have such
interlocking.

To deal with this, we must be able to quickly retrieve oldest xmin
(oldest running xid among all assigned snapshots) from ReorderBuffer. To
fix, add another list of ReorderBufferTXNs to the reorderbuffer, where
transactions are sorted by base-snapshot-LSN. This is slightly
different from the existing (sorted by first-LSN) list, because a
transaction can have an earlier LSN but a later Xmin, if its first
record does not obtain an xmin (eg. xl_xact_assignment). Note this new
list doesn't fully replace the existing txn list: we still need that one
to prevent WAL recycling.

The second issue concerns SnapBuilder snapshots and subtransactions.
SnapBuildDistributeNewCatalogSnapshot never assigned a snapshot to a
transaction that is known to be a subtxn, which is good in the common
case that the top-level transaction already has one (no point in doing
so), but a bug otherwise. To fix, arrange to transfer the snapshot from
the subtxn to its top-level txn as soon as the kinship gets known.
test_decoding's snapshot_transfer verifies this.

Also, fix a minor memory leak: refcount of toplevel's old base snapshot
was not decremented when the snapshot is transferred from child.

Liberally sprinkle code comments, and rewrite a few existing ones. This
part is my (Álvaro's) contribution to this commit, as I had to write all
those comments in order to understand the existing code and Arseny's
patch.

Reported-by: Arseny Sher <a(dot)sher(at)postgrespro(dot)ru>
Diagnosed-by: Arseny Sher <a(dot)sher(at)postgrespro(dot)ru>
Co-authored-by: Arseny Sher <a(dot)sher(at)postgrespro(dot)ru>
Co-authored-by: Álvaro Herrera <alvherre(at)alvh(dot)no-ip(dot)org>
Reviewed-by: Antonin Houska <ah(at)cybertec(dot)at>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/87lgdyz1wj.fsf@ars-thinkpad

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/f49a80c481f74fa81407dce8e51dea6956cb64f8

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/test_decoding/Makefile | 3 +-
contrib/test_decoding/expected/oldest_xmin.out | 27 ++
.../test_decoding/expected/snapshot_transfer.out | 49 ++++
contrib/test_decoding/specs/oldest_xmin.spec | 37 +++
contrib/test_decoding/specs/snapshot_transfer.spec | 42 +++
src/backend/replication/logical/reorderbuffer.c | 304 +++++++++++++++------
src/backend/replication/logical/snapbuild.c | 29 +-
src/include/replication/reorderbuffer.h | 22 +-
8 files changed, 409 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)