pgsql: Fix bogus concurrent use of _hash_getnewbuf() in bucket split co

Fix bogus concurrent use of _hash_getnewbuf() in bucket split code.

_hash_splitbucket() obtained the base page of the new bucket by calling
_hash_getnewbuf(), but it held no exclusive lock that would prevent some
other process from calling _hash_getnewbuf() at the same time. This is
contrary to _hash_getnewbuf()'s API spec and could in fact cause failures.
In practice, we must only call that function while holding write lock on
the hash index's metapage.

An additional problem was that we'd already modified the metapage's bucket
mapping data, meaning that failure to extend the index would leave us with
a corrupt index.

Fix both issues by moving the _hash_getnewbuf() call to just before we
modify the metapage in _hash_expandtable().

Unfortunately there's still a large problem here, which is that we could
also incur ENOSPC while trying to get an overflow page for the new bucket.
That would leave the index corrupt in a more subtle way, namely that some
index tuples that should be in the new bucket might still be in the old
one. Fixing that seems substantially more difficult; even preallocating as
many pages as we could possibly need wouldn't entirely guarantee that the
bucket split would complete successfully. So for today let's just deal
with the base case.

Per report from Antonin Houska. Back-patch to all active branches.

Branch
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REL9_2_STABLE

Details
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http://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/f155466fe97d0a9b69228ed4be7d01f096fe4cce

Modified Files
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src/backend/access/hash/hashpage.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)