BUG #18616: Long-running hash index build can not be interrupted

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference: 18616
Logged by: Alexander Lakhin
Email address: exclusion(at)gmail(dot)com
PostgreSQL version: 17rc1
Operating system: Ubuntu 22.04
Description:

The following script:
CREATE TABLE t(i int);
INSERT INTO t SELECT 1 FROM generate_series(1, 10000000);

SET maintenance_work_mem = '1GB';

SET statement_timeout = '90s';
CREATE INDEX hi ON t USING hash (i);

reaches a state, when the backend can not be interrupted.

gdb shows that the code execution loops inside:
#0 _h_indexbuild (...) at hashsort.c:151
#1 0x0000557f3671cbf3 in hashbuild (...)
at hash.c:183
...
with tups_done increasing slowly (given the total number of tuples).

Reproduced on all supported versions.