pgsql: amcheck: Add gin_index_check() to verify GIN index

amcheck: Add gin_index_check() to verify GIN index

Adds a new function, validating two kinds of invariants on a GIN index:

- parent-child consistency: Paths in a GIN graph have to contain
consistent keys. Tuples on parent pages consistently include tuples
from child pages; parent tuples do not require any adjustments.

- balanced-tree / graph: Each internal page has at least one downlink,
and can reference either only leaf pages or only internal pages.

The GIN verification is based on work by Grigory Kryachko, reworked by
Heikki Linnakangas and with various improvements by Andrey Borodin.
Investigation and fixes for multiple bugs by Kirill Reshke.

Author: Grigory Kryachko <GSKryachko(at)gmail(dot)com>
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka(at)iki(dot)fi>
Author: Andrey Borodin <amborodin(at)acm(dot)org>
Reviewed-By: José Villanova <jose(dot)arthur(at)gmail(dot)com>
Reviewed-By: Aleksander Alekseev <aleksander(at)timescale(dot)com>
Reviewed-By: Nikolay Samokhvalov <samokhvalov(at)gmail(dot)com>
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund <andres(at)anarazel(dot)de>
Reviewed-By: Tomas Vondra <tomas(dot)vondra(at)enterprisedb(dot)com>
Reviewed-By: Kirill Reshke <reshkekirill(at)gmail(dot)com>
Reviewed-By: Mark Dilger <mark(dot)dilger(at)enterprisedb(dot)com>
Reviewed-By: Peter Geoghegan <pg(at)bowt(dot)ie>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/45AC9B0A-2B45-40EE-B08F-BDCF5739D1E1%40yandex-team.ru

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/14ffaece0fb53fed8ddbc46d2b353e1c4834863a

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/amcheck/Makefile | 6 +-
contrib/amcheck/amcheck--1.4--1.5.sql | 14 +
contrib/amcheck/amcheck.control | 2 +-
contrib/amcheck/expected/check_gin.out | 64 +++
contrib/amcheck/meson.build | 3 +
contrib/amcheck/sql/check_gin.sql | 40 ++
contrib/amcheck/verify_gin.c | 798 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
doc/src/sgml/amcheck.sgml | 20 +
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 2 +
9 files changed, 946 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)