pgsql: Implement ALTER TABLE ... SPLIT PARTITION ... command

Implement ALTER TABLE ... SPLIT PARTITION ... command

This new DDL command splits a single partition into several parititions.
Just like ALTER TABLE ... MERGE PARTITIONS ... command, new patitions are
created using createPartitionTable() function with parent partition as the
template.

This commit comprises quite naive implementation which works in single process
and holds the ACCESS EXCLUSIVE LOCK on the parent table during all the
operations including the tuple routing. This is why this new DDL command
can't be recommended for large partitioned tables under a high load. However,
this implementation come in handy in certain cases even as is.
Also, it could be used as a foundation for future implementations with lesser
locking and possibly parallel.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/c73a1746-0cd0-6bdd-6b23-3ae0b7c0c582%40postgrespro.ru
Author: Dmitry Koval
Reviewed-by: Matthias van de Meent, Laurenz Albe, Zhihong Yu, Justin Pryzby
Reviewed-by: Alvaro Herrera, Robert Haas, Stephane Tachoires

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/87c21bb9412c8ba2727dec5ebcd74d44c2232d11

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml | 19 +
doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml | 65 +-
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c | 411 ++++++
src/backend/parser/gram.y | 38 +-
src/backend/parser/parse_utilcmd.c | 62 +-
src/backend/partitioning/partbounds.c | 657 +++++++++
src/backend/utils/adt/ruleutils.c | 18 +
src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h | 1 +
src/include/parser/kwlist.h | 1 +
src/include/partitioning/partbounds.h | 5 +
src/include/utils/ruleutils.h | 2 +
src/test/isolation/expected/partition-split.out | 190 +++
src/test/isolation/isolation_schedule | 1 +
src/test/isolation/specs/partition-split.spec | 54 +
.../modules/test_ddl_deparse/test_ddl_deparse.c | 3 +
src/test/regress/expected/partition_split.out | 1417 ++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/parallel_schedule | 2 +-
src/test/regress/sql/partition_split.sql | 833 ++++++++++++
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 1 +
19 files changed, 3766 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)