pgsql: Add support for incremental backup.

Add support for incremental backup.

To take an incremental backup, you use the new replication command
UPLOAD_MANIFEST to upload the manifest for the prior backup. This
prior backup could either be a full backup or another incremental
backup. You then use BASE_BACKUP with the INCREMENTAL option to take
the backup. pg_basebackup now has an --incremental=PATH_TO_MANIFEST
option to trigger this behavior.

An incremental backup is like a regular full backup except that
some relation files are replaced with files with names like
INCREMENTAL.${ORIGINAL_NAME}, and the backup_label file contains
additional lines identifying it as an incremental backup. The new
pg_combinebackup tool can be used to reconstruct a data directory
from a full backup and a series of incremental backups.

Patch by me. Reviewed by Matthias van de Meent, Dilip Kumar, Jakub
Wartak, Peter Eisentraut, and Álvaro Herrera. Thanks especially to
Jakub for incredibly helpful and extensive testing.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoYOYZfMCyOXFyC-P+-mdrZqm5pP2N7S-r0z3_402h9rsA@mail.gmail.com

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/dc212340058b4e7ecfc5a7a81ec50e7a207bf288

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/backup.sgml | 89 +-
doc/src/sgml/config.sgml | 2 -
doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml | 24 +
doc/src/sgml/ref/allfiles.sgml | 1 +
doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_basebackup.sgml | 37 +-
doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_combinebackup.sgml | 240 ++++
doc/src/sgml/reference.sgml | 1 +
src/backend/access/transam/xlogbackup.c | 10 +
src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c | 6 +
src/backend/backup/Makefile | 1 +
src/backend/backup/basebackup.c | 319 ++++-
src/backend/backup/basebackup_incremental.c | 1003 ++++++++++++++++
src/backend/backup/meson.build | 1 +
src/backend/replication/repl_gram.y | 14 +-
src/backend/replication/repl_scanner.l | 2 +
src/backend/replication/walsender.c | 162 ++-
src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c | 3 +
src/bin/Makefile | 1 +
src/bin/meson.build | 1 +
src/bin/pg_basebackup/bbstreamer_file.c | 1 +
src/bin/pg_basebackup/pg_basebackup.c | 112 +-
src/bin/pg_basebackup/t/010_pg_basebackup.pl | 4 +-
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/.gitignore | 1 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/Makefile | 52 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/backup_label.c | 283 +++++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/backup_label.h | 30 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/copy_file.c | 169 +++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/copy_file.h | 19 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/load_manifest.c | 245 ++++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/load_manifest.h | 67 ++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/meson.build | 38 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/nls.mk | 11 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/pg_combinebackup.c | 1284 +++++++++++++++++++++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/reconstruct.c | 687 +++++++++++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/reconstruct.h | 33 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/t/001_basic.pl | 23 +
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/t/002_compare_backups.pl | 154 +++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/t/003_timeline.pl | 90 ++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/t/004_manifest.pl | 75 ++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/t/005_integrity.pl | 125 ++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/write_manifest.c | 293 +++++
src/bin/pg_combinebackup/write_manifest.h | 33 +
src/bin/pg_resetwal/pg_resetwal.c | 36 +
src/include/access/xlogbackup.h | 2 +
src/include/backup/basebackup.h | 5 +-
src/include/backup/basebackup_incremental.h | 55 +
src/include/nodes/replnodes.h | 9 +
src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm | 21 +-
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 12 +
49 files changed, 5834 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)