pgsql: Fix inability to reference CYCLE column from inside its CTE.

Fix inability to reference CYCLE column from inside its CTE.

Such references failed with "cache lookup failed for type 0"
because we didn't resolve the type of the CYCLE column until after
analyzing the CTE's query. We can just move that processing
to before the recursive parse_sub_analyze call, though.

While here, invent a couple of local variables to make this
code less egregiously wider-than-80-columns.

Per bug #17723 from Vik Fearing. Back-patch to v14 where
the CYCLE feature was added.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17723-2c4985ff111e7bba@postgresql.org

Branch
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REL_15_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/ae98debf77d4aba7caa305fa4957577528699470

Modified Files
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src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c | 170 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------
src/test/regress/expected/with.out | 23 +++++
src/test/regress/sql/with.sql | 9 ++
3 files changed, 129 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)