pgsql: Improve heuristics for compressing the KnownAssignedXids array.

Improve heuristics for compressing the KnownAssignedXids array.

Previously, we'd compress only when the active range of array entries
reached Max(4 * PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS, 2 * pArray->numKnownAssignedXids).
If max_connections is large, the first term could result in not
compressing for a long time, resulting in much wastage of cycles in
hot-standby backends scanning the array to take snapshots. Get rid
of that term, and just bound it to 2 * pArray->numKnownAssignedXids.

That however creates the opposite risk, that we might spend too much
effort compressing. Hence, consider compressing only once every 128
commit records. (This frequency was chosen by benchmarking. While
we only tried one benchmark scenario, the results seem stable over
a fairly wide range of frequencies.)

Also, force compression when processing RecoveryInfo WAL records
(which should be infrequent); the old code could perform compression
then, but would do so only after the same array-range check as for
the transaction-commit path.

Also, opportunistically run compression if the startup process is about
to wait for WAL, though not oftener than once a second. This should
prevent cases where we waste lots of time by leaving the array
not-compressed for long intervals due to low WAL traffic.

Lastly, add a simple check to keep us from uselessly compressing
when the array storage is already compact.

Back-patch, as the performance problem is worse in pre-v14 branches
than in HEAD.

Simon Riggs and Michail Nikolaev, with help from Tom Lane and
Andres Freund.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALdSSPgahNUD_=pB_j=1zSnDBaiOtqVfzo8Ejt5J_k7qZiU1Tw@mail.gmail.com

Branch
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REL_11_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/a6c9e1db2b6673100138f5b9f1ba31d55de7af9a

Modified Files
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src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c | 6 ++
src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c | 133 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
src/include/storage/procarray.h | 1 +
3 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)