pgsql: Fix misuse of table_index_fetch_tuple_check().

Fix misuse of table_index_fetch_tuple_check().

Commit 0d861bbb, which added deduplication to nbtree, had
_bt_check_unique() pass a TID to table_index_fetch_tuple_check() that
isn't safe to mutate. table_index_fetch_tuple_check()'s tid argument is
modified when the TID in question is not the latest visible tuple in a
hot chain, though this wasn't documented.

To fix, go back to using a local copy of the TID in _bt_check_unique(),
and update comments above table_index_fetch_tuple_check().

Backpatch: 13-, where B-Tree deduplication was introduced.

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/10f1ab2cb8bea3c6741a78f6dc19a5c91c0a34e1

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtinsert.c | 3 ++-
src/backend/access/table/tableam.c | 4 ++++
src/include/access/tableam.h | 4 +++-
3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)