pgsql: Propagate xactStartTimestamp and stmtStartTimestamp to parallel

Propagate xactStartTimestamp and stmtStartTimestamp to parallel workers.

Previously, a worker process would establish values for these based on
its own start time. In v10 and up, this can trivially be shown to cause
misbehavior of transaction_timestamp(), timestamp_in(), and related
functions which are (perhaps unwisely?) marked parallel-safe. It seems
likely that other behaviors might diverge from what happens in the parent
as well.

It's not as trivial to demonstrate problems in 9.6 or 9.5, but I'm sure
it's still possible, so back-patch to all branches containing parallel
worker infrastructure.

In HEAD only, mark now() and statement_timestamp() as parallel-safe
(other affected functions already were). While in theory we could
still squeeze that change into v11, it doesn't seem important enough
to force a last-minute catversion bump.

Konstantin Knizhnik, whacked around a bit by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6406dbd2-5d37-4cb6-6eb2-9c44172c7e7c@postgrespro.ru

Branch
------
REL_10_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/58454d0bb07c222fae19c4ced38beef36e27015b

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/access/transam/parallel.c | 11 +++++++++++
src/backend/access/transam/xact.c | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
src/include/access/xact.h | 1 +
3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)