pgsql: Add missing and dangling downlink checks to amcheck

Add missing and dangling downlink checks to amcheck

When bt_index_parent_check() is called with the heapallindexed option,
allocate a second Bloom filter to fingerprint block numbers that appear
in the downlinks of internal pages. Use Bloom filter probes when
walking the B-Tree to detect missing downlinks. This can detect subtle
problems with page deletion/VACUUM, such as corruption caused by the bug
just fixed in commit 6db4b499.

The downlink Bloom filter is bound in size by work_mem. Its optimal
size is typically far smaller than that of the regular heapallindexed
Bloom filter, especially when the index has high fan-out.

Author: Peter Geoghegan
Reviewer: Teodor Sigaev
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WznUzY4fWTjm1tBB3JpVz8cCfz7k_qVp5BhuPyhivmWJFg@mail.gmail.com

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/4eaf7eaccb291f5d32d9f05284bfca9c5744de9a

Modified Files
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contrib/amcheck/verify_nbtree.c | 397 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
doc/src/sgml/amcheck.sgml | 7 +-
2 files changed, 385 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)