pgsql: Fix sample INSTR() functions in the plpgsql documentation.

Fix sample INSTR() functions in the plpgsql documentation.

These functions are stated to be Oracle-compatible, but they weren't.
Yugo Nagata noticed that while our code returns zero for a zero or
negative fourth parameter (occur_index), Oracle throws an error.
Further testing by me showed that there was also a discrepancy in the
interpretation of a negative third parameter (beg_index): Oracle thinks
that a negative beg_index indicates the last place where the target
substring can *begin*, whereas our code thinks it is the last place
where the target can *end*.

Adjust the sample code to behave like Oracle in both these respects.
Also change it to be a CDATA[] section, simplifying copying-and-pasting
out of the documentation source file. And fix minor problems in the
introductory comment, which wasn't very complete or accurate.

Back-patch to all supported branches. Although this patch only touches
documentation, we should probably call it out as a bug fix in the next
minor release notes, since users who have adopted the functions will
likely want to update their versions.

Yugo Nagata and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20171229191705.c0b43a8c.nagata@sraoss.co.jp

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/3c1e9fd23269849e32c73683a8457fb3095309e3

Modified Files
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doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)