pgsql: Fix concurrent locking of tuple update chain

Fix concurrent locking of tuple update chain

If several sessions are concurrently locking a tuple update chain with
nonconflicting lock modes using an old snapshot, and they all succeed,
it may happen that some of them fail because of restarting the loop (due
to a concurrent Xmax change) and getting an error in the subsequent pass
while trying to obtain a tuple lock that they already have in some tuple
version.

This can only happen with very high concurrency (where a row is being
both updated and FK-checked by multiple transactions concurrently), but
it's been observed in the field and can have unpleasant consequences
such as an FK check failing to see a tuple that definitely exists:
ERROR: insert or update on table "child_table" violates foreign key constraint "fk_constraint_name"
DETAIL: Key (keyid)=(123456) is not present in table "parent_table".
(where the key is observably present in the table).

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170714210011.r25mrff4nxjhmf3g@alvherre.pgsql

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/459c64d3227f878c72ef0145a67e80e17728c556

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)