pgsql: Add optimizer and executor support for parallel index scans.

Add optimizer and executor support for parallel index scans.

In combination with 569174f1be92be93f5366212cc46960d28a5c5cd, which
taught the btree AM how to perform parallel index scans, this allows
parallel index scan plans on btree indexes. This infrastructure
should be general enough to support parallel index scans for other
index AMs as well, if someone updates them to support parallel
scans.

Amit Kapila, reviewed and tested by Anastasia Lubennikova, Tushar
Ahuja, and Haribabu Kommi, and me.

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
http://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/5262f7a4fc44f651241d2ff1fa688dd664a34874

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/bloom/blcost.c | 4 +-
contrib/bloom/bloom.h | 2 +-
contrib/bloom/blutils.c | 1 +
doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml | 2 +
src/backend/access/brin/brin.c | 1 +
src/backend/access/gin/ginutil.c | 1 +
src/backend/access/gist/gist.c | 1 +
src/backend/access/hash/hash.c | 1 +
src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtree.c | 1 +
src/backend/access/spgist/spgutils.c | 1 +
src/backend/executor/execParallel.c | 12 ++
src/backend/executor/nodeIndexscan.c | 153 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
src/backend/optimizer/path/allpaths.c | 4 +-
src/backend/optimizer/path/costsize.c | 53 ++++++++-
src/backend/optimizer/path/indxpath.c | 67 ++++++++++-
src/backend/optimizer/plan/planner.c | 2 +-
src/backend/optimizer/util/pathnode.c | 19 ++--
src/backend/optimizer/util/plancat.c | 1 +
src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c | 24 +++-
src/include/access/amapi.h | 5 +-
src/include/executor/nodeIndexscan.h | 4 +
src/include/nodes/execnodes.h | 2 +
src/include/nodes/relation.h | 1 +
src/include/optimizer/cost.h | 2 +-
src/include/optimizer/pathnode.h | 3 +-
src/include/optimizer/paths.h | 2 +
src/include/utils/index_selfuncs.h | 18 ++-
src/test/regress/expected/select_parallel.out | 23 ++++
src/test/regress/sql/select_parallel.sql | 11 ++
29 files changed, 366 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)