pgsql: Improve handling of "UPDATE ... SET (column_list) = row_construc

Improve handling of "UPDATE ... SET (column_list) = row_constructor".

Previously, the right-hand side of a multiple-column assignment, if it
wasn't a sub-SELECT, had to be a simple parenthesized expression list,
because gram.y was responsible for "bursting" the construct into
independent column assignments. This had the minor defect that you
couldn't write ROW (though you should be able to, since the standard says
this is a row constructor), and the rather larger defect that unlike other
uses of row constructors, we would not expand a "foo.*" item into multiple
columns.

Fix that by changing the RHS to be just "a_expr" in the grammar, leaving
it to transformMultiAssignRef to separate the elements of a RowExpr;
which it will do only after performing standard transformation of the
RowExpr, so that "foo.*" behaves as expected.

The key reason we didn't do that before was the hard-wired handling of
DEFAULT tokens (SetToDefault nodes). This patch deals with that issue by
allowing DEFAULT in any a_expr and having parse analysis throw an error
if SetToDefault is found in an unexpected place. That's an improvement
anyway since the error can be more specific than just "syntax error".

The SQL standard suggests that the RHS could be any a_expr yielding a
suitable row value. This patch doesn't really move the goal posts in that
respect --- you're still limited to RowExpr or a sub-SELECT --- but it does
fix the grammar restriction, so it provides some tangible progress towards
a full implementation. And the limitation is now documented by an explicit
error message rather than an unhelpful "syntax error".

Discussion: <8542(dot)1479742008(at)sss(dot)pgh(dot)pa(dot)us>

Branch
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master

Details
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http://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/906bfcad7ba7cb3863fe0e2a7810be8e3cd84fbd

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml | 14 +--
src/backend/parser/analyze.c | 35 ++++---
src/backend/parser/gram.y | 125 ++++++------------------
src/backend/parser/parse_expr.c | 181 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
src/backend/parser/parse_target.c | 30 +++++-
src/include/parser/parse_target.h | 2 +-
src/test/regress/expected/update.out | 18 ++--
src/test/regress/sql/update.sql | 7 +-
8 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-)