Re: WIP/PoC for parallel backup

On Thu, Apr 2, 2020 at 8:45 PM Robert Haas <robertmhaas(at)gmail(dot)com> wrote:

> On Thu, Apr 2, 2020 at 11:17 AM Asif Rehman <asifr(dot)rehman(at)gmail(dot)com>
> wrote:
> >> Why would you need to do that? As long as the process where
> >> STOP_BACKUP can do the check, that seems good enough.
> >
> > Yes, but the user will get the error only after the STOP_BACKUP, not
> while the backup is
> > in progress. So if the backup is a large one, early error detection
> would be much beneficial.
> > This is the current behavior of non-parallel backup as well.
>
> Because non-parallel backup does not feature early detection of this
> error, it is not necessary to make parallel backup do so. Indeed, it
> is undesirable. If you want to fix that problem, do it on a separate
> thread in a separate patch. A patch proposing to make parallel backup
> inconsistent in behavior with non-parallel backup will be rejected, at
> least if I have anything to say about it.
>
> TBH, fixing this doesn't seem like an urgent problem to me. The
> current situation is not great, but promotions ought to be relatively
> infrequent, so I'm not sure it's a huge problem in practice. It is
> also worth considering whether the right fix is to figure out how to
> make that case actually work, rather than just making it fail quicker.
> I don't currently understand the reason for the prohibition so I can't
> express an intelligent opinion on what the right answer is here, but
> it seems like it ought to be investigated before somebody goes and
> builds a bunch of infrastructure to make the error more timely.
>

Non-parallel backup already does the early error checking. I only intended

to make parallel behave the same as non-parallel here. So, I agree with

you that the behavior of parallel backup should be consistent with the

non-parallel one. Please see the code snippet below from

basebackup.c:sendDir()

/*
>
> * Check if the postmaster has signaled us to exit, and abort with an
>
> * error in that case. The error handler further up will call
>
> * do_pg_abort_backup() for us. Also check that if the backup was
>
> * started while still in recovery, the server wasn't promoted.
>
> * do_pg_stop_backup() will check that too, but it's better to stop
>
> * the backup early than continue to the end and fail there.
>
> */
>
> CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
>
> *if* (RecoveryInProgress() != backup_started_in_recovery)
>
> ereport(ERROR,
>
> (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
>
> errmsg("the standby was promoted during online backup"),
>
> errhint("This means that the backup being taken is corrupt "
>
> "and should not be used. "
>
> "Try taking another online backup.")));
>
>
> > Okay, then I will add the shared state. And since we are adding the
> shared state, we can use
> > that for throttling, progress-reporting and standby early error checking.
>
> Please propose a grammar here for all the new replication commands you
> plan to add before going and implement everything. That will make it
> easier to hash out the design without forcing you to keep changing the
> code. Your design should include a sketch of how several sets of
> coordinating backends taking several concurrent parallel backups will
> end up with one shared state per parallel backup.
>
> > There are two possible options:
> >
> > (1) Server may generate a unique ID i.e. BackupID=<unique_string> OR
> > (2) (Preferred Option) Use the WAL start location as the BackupID.
> >
> > This BackupID should be given back as a response to start backup
> command. All client workers
> > must append this ID to all parallel backup replication commands. So that
> we can use this identifier
> > to search for that particular backup. Does that sound good?
>
> Using the WAL start location as the backup ID seems like it might be
> problematic -- could a single checkpoint not end up as the start
> location for multiple backups started at the same time? Whether that's
> possible now or not, it seems unwise to hard-wire that assumption into
> the wire protocol.
>
> I was thinking that perhaps the client should generate a unique backup
> ID, e.g. leader does:
>
> START_BACKUP unique_backup_id [options]...
>
> And then others do:
>
> JOIN_BACKUP unique_backup_id
>
> My thought is that you will have a number of shared memory structure
> equal to max_wal_senders, each one large enough to hold the shared
> state for one backup. The shared state will include
> char[NAMEDATALEN-or-something] which will be used to hold the backup
> ID. START_BACKUP would allocate one and copy the name into it;
> JOIN_BACKUP would search for one by name.
>
> If you want to generate the name on the server side, then I suppose
> START_BACKUP would return a result set that includes the backup ID,
> and clients would have to specify that same backup ID when invoking
> JOIN_BACKUP. The rest would stay the same. I am not sure which way is
> better. Either way, the backup ID should be something long and hard to
> guess, not e.g. the leader processes' PID. I think we should generate
> it using pg_strong_random, say 8 or 16 bytes, and then hex-encode the
> result to get a string. That way there's almost no risk of two backup
> IDs colliding accidentally, and even if we somehow had a malicious
> user trying to screw up somebody else's parallel backup by choosing a
> colliding backup ID, it would be pretty hard to have any success. A
> user with enough access to do that sort of thing can probably cause a
> lot worse problems anyway, but it seems pretty easy to guard against
> intentional collisions robustly here, so I think we should.
>
>
Okay so If we are to add another replication command ‘JOIN_BACKUP
unique_backup_id’
to make workers find the relevant shared state. There won't be any need for
changing
the grammar for any other command. The START_BACKUP can return the
unique_backup_id
in the result set.

I am thinking of the following struct for shared state:

> *typedef* *struct*
>
> {
>
> *char* backupid[NAMEDATALEN];
>
> XLogRecPtr startptr;
>
>
> slock_t lock;
>
> int64 throttling_counter;
>
> *bool* backup_started_in_recovery;
>
> } BackupSharedState;
>
>
The shared state structure entries would be maintained by a shared hash
table.
There will be one structure per parallel backup. Since a single parallel
backup
can engage more than one wal sender, so I think max_wal_senders might be a
little
too much; perhaps max_wal_senders/2 since there will be at least 2
connections
per parallel backup? Alternatively, we can set a new GUC that defines the
maximum
number of for concurrent parallel backups i.e.
‘max_concurent_backups_allowed = 10’
perhaps, or we can make it user-configurable.

The key would be “backupid=hex_encode(pg_random_strong(16))”

Checking for Standby Promotion:
At the START_BACKUP command, we initialize
BackupSharedState.backup_started_in_recovery
and keep checking it whenever send_file () is called to send a new file.

Throttling:
BackupSharedState.throttling_counter - The throttling logic remains the same
as for non-parallel backup with the exception that multiple threads will
now be
updating it. So in parallel backup, this will represent the overall bytes
that
have been transferred. So the workers would sleep if they have exceeded the
limit. Hence, the shared state carries a lock to safely update the
throttling
value atomically.

Progress Reporting:
Although I think we should add progress-reporting for parallel backup as a
separate patch. The relevant entries for progress-reporting such as
‘backup_total’ and ‘backup_streamed’ would be then added to this structure
as well.

Grammar:
There is a change in the resultset being returned for START_BACKUP command;
unique_backup_id is added. Additionally, JOIN_BACKUP replication command is
added. SEND_FILES has been renamed to SEND_FILE. There are no other changes
to the grammar.

START_BACKUP [LABEL '<label>'] [FAST]
- returns startptr, tli, backup_label, unique_backup_id
STOP_BACKUP [NOWAIT]
- returns startptr, tli, backup_label
JOIN_BACKUP ‘unique_backup_id’
- attaches a shared state identified by ‘unique_backup_id’ to a backend
process.

LIST_TABLESPACES [PROGRESS]
LIST_FILES [TABLESPACE]
LIST_WAL_FILES [START_WAL_LOCATION 'X/X'] [END_WAL_LOCATION 'X/X']
SEND_FILE '(' FILE ')' [NOVERIFY_CHECKSUMS]

--
Asif Rehman
Highgo Software (Canada/China/Pakistan)
URL : www.highgo.ca