Seqscan on big table, when an Index-Usage should be possible

Hello,

I'm currently testing some queries on data which I had imported from an
other database-system into Postgres 9.4.

After the import I did create the indexes, run an analyze and vacuum. I
also played a little bit with seq_page_cost and random_page_cost. But
currently I have no clue, which parameter I have to adjust, to get an
query-time like the example width 'enable_seqscan=off'.

Stefan

> pd=> set enable_seqscan=off;
> pd=> explain analyze select t.name from product p left join measurements m on p.productid=m.productid inner join measurementstype t on m.measurementstypeid=t.measurementstypeid where p.timestamp between '2013-02-01 15:00:00' and '2013-02-05 21:30:00' group by t.name;
> QUERY PLAN
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> HashAggregate (cost=200380892.01..200380936.43 rows=4442 width=16) (actual time=34428.335..34428.693 rows=656 loops=1)
> Group Key: t.name
> -> Hash Join (cost=8995.44..200361772.19 rows=7647926 width=16) (actual time=103.670..30153.958 rows=5404751 loops=1)
> Hash Cond: (m.measurementstypeid = t.measurementstypeid)
> -> Nested Loop (cost=8279.61..200188978.03 rows=7647926 width=4) (actual time=75.939..22488.725 rows=5404751 loops=1)
> -> Bitmap Heap Scan on product p (cost=8279.03..662659.76 rows=526094 width=8) (actual time=75.903..326.850 rows=368494 loops=1)
> Recheck Cond: (("timestamp" >= '2013-02-01 15:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) AND ("timestamp" <= '2013-02-05 21:30:00'::timestamp without time zo
> Heap Blocks: exact=3192
> -> Bitmap Index Scan on product_timestamp (cost=0.00..8147.51 rows=526094 width=0) (actual time=75.050..75.050 rows=368494 loops=1)
> Index Cond: (("timestamp" >= '2013-02-01 15:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) AND ("timestamp" <= '2013-02-05 21:30:00'::timestamp without tim
> -> Index Scan using measurements_productid on measurements m (cost=0.58..347.12 rows=3214 width=12) (actual time=0.018..0.045 rows=15 loops=368494)
> Index Cond: (productid = p.productid)
> -> Hash (cost=508.91..508.91 rows=16554 width=20) (actual time=27.704..27.704 rows=16554 loops=1)
> Buckets: 2048 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 686kB
> -> Index Scan using measurementstype_pkey on measurementstype t (cost=0.29..508.91 rows=16554 width=20) (actual time=0.017..15.719 rows=16554 loops=1)
> Planning time: 2.176 ms
> Execution time: 34429.080 ms
> (17 Zeilen)
>
>
> Zeit: 34432,187 ms
> pd=> set enable_seqscan=on;
> SET
> Zeit: 0,193 ms
> pd=> explain analyze select t.name from product p left join measurements m on p.productid=m.productid inner join measurementstype t on m.measurementstypeid=t.measurementstypeid where p.timestamp between '2013-02-01 15:00:00' and '2013-02-05 21:30:00' group by t.name;
> QUERY PLAN
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> HashAggregate (cost=108645282.49..108645326.91 rows=4442 width=16) (actual time=5145182.269..5145182.656 rows=656 loops=1)
> Group Key: t.name
> -> Hash Join (cost=671835.40..108626162.68 rows=7647926 width=16) (actual time=2087822.232..5141351.539 rows=5404751 loops=1)
> Hash Cond: (m.measurementstypeid = t.measurementstypeid)
> -> Hash Join (cost=671291.94..108453540.88 rows=7647926 width=4) (actual time=2087800.816..5134312.822 rows=5404751 loops=1)
> Hash Cond: (m.productid = p.productid)
> -> Seq Scan on measurements m (cost=0.00..49325940.08 rows=2742148608 width=12) (actual time=0.007..2704591.045 rows=2742146806 loops=1)
> -> Hash (cost=662659.76..662659.76 rows=526094 width=8) (actual time=552.480..552.480 rows=368494 loops=1)
> Buckets: 16384 Batches: 4 Memory Usage: 2528kB
> -> Bitmap Heap Scan on product p (cost=8279.03..662659.76 rows=526094 width=8) (actual time=73.353..302.482 rows=368494 loops=1)
> Recheck Cond: (("timestamp" >= '2013-02-01 15:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) AND ("timestamp" <= '2013-02-05 21:30:00'::timestamp without t
> Heap Blocks: exact=3192
> -> Bitmap Index Scan on product_timestamp (cost=0.00..8147.51 rows=526094 width=0) (actual time=72.490..72.490 rows=368494 loops=1)
> Index Cond: (("timestamp" >= '2013-02-01 15:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) AND ("timestamp" <= '2013-02-05 21:30:00'::timestamp witho
> -> Hash (cost=336.54..336.54 rows=16554 width=20) (actual time=21.377..21.377 rows=16554 loops=1)
> Buckets: 2048 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 686kB
> -> Seq Scan on measurementstype t (cost=0.00..336.54 rows=16554 width=20) (actual time=0.008..9.849 rows=16554 loops=1)
> Planning time: 2.236 ms
> Execution time: 5145183.471 ms
> (19 Zeilen)
>
> Zeit: 5145186,786 ms

> pd=> \d measurements
> Tabelle „public.measurements“
> Spalte | Typ | Attribute
> --------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
> measurementsid | bigint | not null Vorgabewert nextval('measurements_measurementsid_seq'::regclass)
> value | text | not null
> lowerlimit | text |
> upperlimit | text |
> measurementstypeid | integer | not null
> productid | bigint | not null
> timestamp | timestamp without time zone |
> state | character varying(20) | not null Vorgabewert 'Unknown'::character varying
> Indexe:
> "measurements_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (measurementsid)
> "measurements_measurementstypeid" btree (measurementstypeid)
> "measurements_productid" btree (productid)
>
> pd=> \d product
> Tabelle „public.product“
> Spalte | Typ | Attribute
> ------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------
> productid | bigint | not null Vorgabewert nextval('product_productid_seq'::regclass)
> ordermaterialsid | integer | not null
> testerid | integer |
> equipmentid | integer | not null
> timestamp | timestamp without time zone | not null
> state | character varying(20) | not null Vorgabewert 'Unknown'::character varying
> exported | character varying(1) | not null Vorgabewert 'N'::character varying
> mc_selectionid | integer |
> Indexe:
> "product_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (productid)
> "product_equipmentid" btree (equipmentid)
> "product_exported" btree (exported)
> "product_mc_selectionid" btree (mc_selectionid)
> "product_ordermaterialsid" btree (ordermaterialsid)
> "product_state" btree (state)
> "product_testerid" btree (testerid)
> "product_timestamp" btree ("timestamp")
> Fremdschlüssel-Constraints:
> "fk_equipmentid" FOREIGN KEY (equipmentid) REFERENCES equipment(equipmentid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
> "fk_mc_selectionid" FOREIGN KEY (mc_selectionid) REFERENCES mc_selection(mc_selectionid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE SET NULL
> "fk_ordermaterialsid" FOREIGN KEY (ordermaterialsid) REFERENCES ordermaterials(ordermaterialsid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
> "fk_testerid" FOREIGN KEY (testerid) REFERENCES tester(testerid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT
>
> pd=> \d measurementstype
> Tabelle „public.measurementstype“
> Spalte | Typ | Attribute
> --------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> measurementstypeid | integer | not null Vorgabewert nextval('measurementstype_measurementstypeid_seq'::regclass)
> datatype | character varying(20) | not null Vorgabewert 'char'::character varying
> name | character varying(255) | not null
> description | character varying(255) | Vorgabewert NULL::character varying
> unit | character varying(20) | Vorgabewert NULL::character varying
> step | integer |
> stepdescription | character varying(255) | Vorgabewert NULL::character varying
> permissionlevel | integer | not null Vorgabewert 0
> Indexe:
> "measurementstype_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (measurementstypeid)
> "measurementstype_datatype" btree (datatype)
> "measurementstype_name" btree (name)
> "measurementstype_step" btree (step)
> "measurementstype_stepdescription" btree (stepdescription)
>