Re: Implementing Incremental View Maintenance

On Thu, 16 Jan 2020 18:50:40 +0900
nuko yokohama <nuko(dot)yokohama(at)gmail(dot)com> wrote:

> Error occurs when updating user-defined type columns.
>
> Create an INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW by specifying a query that includes
> user-defined type columns.
> After the view is created, an error occurs when inserting into the view
> source table (including the user-defined type column).
> ```
> ERROR: operator does not exist

Thank you for your reporting. I think this error occurs because
pg_catalog.= is used also for user-defined types. I will fix this.

Regards,
Yugo Nagata

> ```
>
> An execution example is shown below.
>
> ```
> [ec2-user(at)ip-10-0-1-10 ivm]$ psql testdb -a -f extension-insert.sql
> --
> -- pg_fraction: https://github.com/nuko-yokohama/pg_fraction
> --
> DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS pg_fraction CASCADE;
> psql:extension-insert.sql:4: NOTICE: drop cascades to column data of table
> foo
> DROP EXTENSION
> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS foo CASCADE;
> DROP TABLE
> CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_fraction;
> CREATE EXTENSION
> \dx
> List of installed extensions
> Name | Version | Schema | Description
> -------------+---------+------------+------------------------------
> pg_fraction | 1.0 | public | fraction data type
> plpgsql | 1.0 | pg_catalog | PL/pgSQL procedural language
> (2 rows)
>
> \dT+ fraction
> List of data types
> Schema | Name | Internal name | Size | Elements | Owner | Access
> privileges | Description
> --------+----------+---------------+------+----------+----------+-------------------+-------------
> public | fraction | fraction | 16 | | postgres |
> |
> (1 row)
>
> CREATE TABLE foo (id int, data fraction);
> CREATE TABLE
> INSERT INTO foo (id, data) VALUES (1,'2/3'),(2,'1/3'),(3,'1/2');
> INSERT 0 3
> SELECT id, data FROM foo WHERE data >= '1/2';
> id | data
> ----+------
> 1 | 2/3
> 3 | 1/2
> (2 rows)
>
> CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW foo_imv AS SELECT id, data FROM foo
> WHERE data >= '1/2';
> SELECT 2
> TABLE foo_imv;
> id | data
> ----+------
> 1 | 2/3
> 3 | 1/2
> (2 rows)
>
> INSERT INTO foo (id, data) VALUES (4,'2/3'),(5,'2/5'),(6,'3/6'); -- error
> psql:extension-insert.sql:17: ERROR: operator does not exist: fraction
> pg_catalog.= fraction
> LINE 1: ...(mv.id IS NULL AND diff.id IS NULL)) AND (mv.data OPERATOR(p...
> ^
> HINT: No operator matches the given name and argument types. You might
> need to add explicit type casts.
> QUERY: WITH updt AS (UPDATE public.foo_imv AS mv SET __ivm_count__ =
> mv.__ivm_count__ OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.__ivm_count__ FROM
> pg_temp_3.pg_temp_73900 AS diff WHERE (mv.id OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) diff.id
> OR (mv.id IS NULL AND diff.id IS NULL)) AND (mv.data OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=)
> diff.data OR (mv.data IS NULL AND diff.data IS NULL)) RETURNING mv.id,
> mv.data) INSERT INTO public.foo_imv SELECT * FROM pg_temp_3.pg_temp_73900
> AS diff WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE (mv.id
> OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) diff.id OR (mv.id IS NULL AND diff.id IS NULL)) AND
> (mv.data OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) diff.data OR (mv.data IS NULL AND diff.data
> IS NULL)));
> TABLE foo;
> id | data
> ----+------
> 1 | 2/3
> 2 | 1/3
> 3 | 1/2
> (3 rows)
>
> TABLE foo_imv;
> id | data
> ----+------
> 1 | 2/3
> 3 | 1/2
> (2 rows)
>
> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW foo_imv;
> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
> INSERT INTO foo (id, data) VALUES (4,'2/3'),(5,'2/5'),(6,'3/6');
> INSERT 0 3
> TABLE foo;
> id | data
> ----+------
> 1 | 2/3
> 2 | 1/3
> 3 | 1/2
> 4 | 2/3
> 5 | 2/5
> 6 | 1/2
> (6 rows)
>
> ```
>
> Best regards.
>
> 2018年12月27日(木) 21:57 Yugo Nagata <nagata(at)sraoss(dot)co(dot)jp>:
>
> > Hi,
> >
> > I would like to implement Incremental View Maintenance (IVM) on
> > PostgreSQL.
> > IVM is a technique to maintain materialized views which computes and
> > applies
> > only the incremental changes to the materialized views rather than
> > recomputate the contents as the current REFRESH command does.
> >
> > I had a presentation on our PoC implementation of IVM at PGConf.eu 2018
> > [1].
> > Our implementation uses row OIDs to compute deltas for materialized
> > views.
> > The basic idea is that if we have information about which rows in base
> > tables
> > are contributing to generate a certain row in a matview then we can
> > identify
> > the affected rows when a base table is updated. This is based on an idea of
> > Dr. Masunaga [2] who is a member of our group and inspired from ID-based
> > approach[3].
> >
> > In our implementation, the mapping of the row OIDs of the materialized view
> > and the base tables are stored in "OID map". When a base relation is
> > modified,
> > AFTER trigger is executed and the delta is recorded in delta tables using
> > the transition table feature. The accual udpate of the matview is triggerd
> > by REFRESH command with INCREMENTALLY option.
> >
> > However, we realize problems of our implementation. First, WITH OIDS will
> > be removed since PG12, so OIDs are no longer available. Besides this, it
> > would
> > be hard to implement this since it needs many changes of executor nodes to
> > collect base tables's OIDs during execuing a query. Also, the cost of
> > maintaining
> > OID map would be high.
> >
> > For these reasons, we started to think to implement IVM without relying on
> > OIDs
> > and made a bit more surveys.
> >
> > We also looked at Kevin Grittner's discussion [4] on incremental matview
> > maintenance. In this discussion, Kevin proposed to use counting algorithm
> > [5]
> > to handle projection views (using DISTNICT) properly. This algorithm need
> > an
> > additional system column, count_t, in materialized views and delta tables
> > of
> > base tables.
> >
> > However, the discussion about IVM is now stoped, so we would like to
> > restart and
> > progress this.
> >
> >
> > Through our PoC inplementation and surveys, I think we need to think at
> > least
> > the followings for implementing IVM.
> >
> > 1. How to extract changes on base tables
> >
> > I think there would be at least two approaches for it.
> >
> > - Using transition table in AFTER triggers
> > - Extracting changes from WAL using logical decoding
> >
> > In our PoC implementation, we used AFTER trigger and transition tables,
> > but using
> > logical decoding might be better from the point of performance of base
> > table
> > modification.
> >
> > If we can represent a change of UPDATE on a base table as query-like
> > rather than
> > OLD and NEW, it may be possible to update the materialized view directly
> > instead
> > of performing delete & insert.
> >
> >
> > 2. How to compute the delta to be applied to materialized views
> >
> > Essentially, IVM is based on relational algebra. Theorically, changes on
> > base
> > tables are represented as deltas on this, like "R <- R + dR", and the
> > delta on
> > the materialized view is computed using base table deltas based on "change
> > propagation equations". For implementation, we have to derive the
> > equation from
> > the view definition query (Query tree, or Plan tree?) and describe this as
> > SQL
> > query to compulte delta to be applied to the materialized view.
> >
> > There could be several operations for view definition: selection,
> > projection,
> > join, aggregation, union, difference, intersection, etc. If we can
> > prepare a
> > module for each operation, it makes IVM extensable, so we can start a
> > simple
> > view definition, and then support more complex views.
> >
> >
> > 3. How to identify rows to be modifed in materialized views
> >
> > When applying the delta to the materialized view, we have to identify
> > which row
> > in the matview is corresponding to a row in the delta. A naive method is
> > matching
> > by using all columns in a tuple, but clearly this is unefficient. If
> > thematerialized
> > view has unique index, we can use this. Maybe, we have to force
> > materialized views
> > to have all primary key colums in their base tables. In our PoC
> > implementation, we
> > used OID to identify rows, but this will be no longer available as said
> > above.
> >
> >
> > 4. When to maintain materialized views
> >
> > There are two candidates of the timing of maintenance, immediate (eager)
> > or deferred.
> >
> > In eager maintenance, the materialized view is updated in the same
> > transaction
> > where the base table is updated. In deferred maintenance, this is done
> > after the
> > transaction is commited, for example, when view is accessed, as a response
> > to user
> > request, etc.
> >
> > In the previous discussion[4], it is planned to start from "eager"
> > approach. In our PoC
> > implementaion, we used the other aproach, that is, using REFRESH command
> > to perform IVM.
> > I am not sure which is better as a start point, but I begin to think that
> > the eager
> > approach may be more simple since we don't have to maintain base table
> > changes in other
> > past transactions.
> >
> > In the eager maintenance approache, we have to consider a race condition
> > where two
> > different transactions change base tables simultaneously as discussed in
> > [4].
> >
> >
> > [1]
> > https://www.postgresql.eu/events/pgconfeu2018/schedule/session/2195-implementing-incremental-view-maintenance-on-postgresql/
> > [2]
> > https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/index.php?active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&page_id=13&block_id=8&item_id=191254&item_no=1
> > (Japanese only)
> > [3] https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2750546
> > [4]
> > https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/1368561126.64093.YahooMailNeo%40web162904.mail.bf1.yahoo.com
> > [5] https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=170066
> >
> > Regards,
> > --
> > Yugo Nagata <nagata(at)sraoss(dot)co(dot)jp>
> >
> >

--
Yugo NAGATA <nagata(at)sraoss(dot)co(dot)jp>