BUG #18541: Reattaching a partition referenced by a foreign key fails with an error

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference: 18541
Logged by: Alexander Lakhin
Email address: exclusion(at)gmail(dot)com
PostgreSQL version: 17beta2
Operating system: Ubuntu 22.04
Description:

The following script:
CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, PRIMARY KEY (a));
CREATE TABLE t (a int, PRIMARY KEY (a), FOREIGN KEY (a) REFERENCES t1)
PARTITION BY LIST (a);
ALTER TABLE t ATTACH PARTITION t1 FOR VALUES IN (1);
ALTER TABLE t DETACH PARTITION t1;
ALTER TABLE t ATTACH PARTITION t1 FOR VALUES IN (1);

ends up with the error complaining about check triggers:
ERROR: XX000: could not find ON INSERT check triggers of foreign key
constraint 16400
LOCATION: GetForeignKeyCheckTriggers, tablecmds.c:11260

Reproduced on REL_15_STABLE (starting from f4566345c) .. master.