BUG #17053: Memory corruption in parser on prepared query reuse

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference: 17053
Logged by: Charles Samborski
Email address: demurgos(at)demurgos(dot)net
PostgreSQL version: 13.3
Operating system: Linux 5.12 (Arch Linux)
Description:

I found a bug in Postgres where I can reliably trigger the following error:
"unrecognized node type: X", where X can be anything and changes across
program executions. For example, I can get "unrecognized node type: 0",
"nrecognized node type: 184", "unrecognized node type: 196608" and many
others (including negative values). This implies that a node type is read
from a corrupted memory location.

The following repo has C and Rust programs exhibiting this behavior:
https://github.com/demurgos/pg_unrecognized_node.

Here is the C program:

```
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "libpq-fe.h"

int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
PGconn *conn;
PGresult *res;

conn = PQconnectdb("");

PQexec(conn, "DROP DOMAIN IF EXISTS schema_meta");
PQexec(conn, "CREATE TYPE raw_schema_meta AS (version int4)");
PQprepare(conn, "q1", "CREATE DOMAIN schema_meta AS raw_schema_meta CHECK
((value).version IS NOT NULL AND (value).version >= 1)", 0, NULL);
PQexecPrepared(conn, "q1", 0, NULL, 0, 0, 0);
PQexec(conn, "DROP DOMAIN IF EXISTS schema_meta");
res = PQexecPrepared(conn, "q1", 0, NULL, 0, 0, 0);

fprintf(stdout, "%s", PQresultErrorMessage(res));

PQfinish(conn);

return 0;
}
```

You can compile it with `gcc -lpq -o main main.c` and run it on fresh DB by
passing the credentials through the environment, e.g.: `PGUSER=test
PGPASSWORD=test PGDATABASE=test ./main`

I investigated this issue with the help of some people from IRC and would
like to thank them: ioguix, johto and Zr40.

The code is fairly short, the core of the issue is that the prepared query
`q1` is executed twice and it somehow messes up with the parser because of
the `CHECK` clause.