pg_dump is a utility for saving a PostgreSQL database into a script or an archive file. The script files are in plain-text format and contain the SQL commands required to reconstruct the database to the state it was in at the time it was saved. To restore these scripts, use psql. They can be used to reconstruct the database even on other machines and other architectures, with some modifications even on other SQL database products.
Furthermore, there are alternative archive file formats that are meant to be used with pg_restore to rebuild the database, and they also allow pg_restore to be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the items prior to being restored. The archive files are also designed to be portable across architectures.
pg_dump will save the information necessary to re-generate all user-defined types, functions, tables, indexes, aggregates, and operators. In addition, all the data is copied out in text format so that it can be readily copied in again, as well as imported into tools for editing.
When used with one of the archive file formats and combined
with pg_restore, pg_dump provides a flexible archival and
transfer mechanism. pg_dump can
be used to backup an entire database, then pg_restore can be used to examine the
archive and/or select which parts of the database are to be
restored. The most flexible output file format is the
"custom" format (-Fc). It allows for selection and reordering of
all archived items, and is compressed by default. The tar format (-Ft) is
not compressed and it is not possible to reorder data when
loading, but it is otherwise quite flexible; moreover, it can be
manipulated with other tools such as tar.
While running pg_dump, one should examine the output for any warnings (printed on standard error), especially in light of the limitations listed below.
pg_dump makes consistent backups even if the database is being used concurrently. pg_dump does not block other users accessing the database (readers or writers).
The following command-line options are used to control the output format.
Specifies the name of the database to be dumped. If this is not specified, the environment variable PGDATABASE is used. If that is not set, the user name specified for the connection is used.
-a--data-onlyDump only the data, not the schema (data definitions).
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-b--blobsInclude large objects in dump.
-c--cleanOutput commands to clean (drop) database objects prior to (the commands for) creating them.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-C--createBegin the output with a command to create the database itself and reconnect to the created database. (With a script of this form, it doesn't matter which database you connect to before running the script.)
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-d--insertsDump data as INSERT commands (rather than COPY). This will make restoration very slow, but it makes the archives more portable to other SQL database packages.
-D--column-inserts--attribute-insertsDump data as INSERT commands with explicit column names (INSERT INTO table (column, ...) VALUES ...). This will make restoration very slow, but it is necessary if you desire to rearrange column ordering.
-f file--file=fileSend output to the specified file. If this is omitted, the standard output is used.
-F format--format=formatSelects the format of the output. format can be one of the following:
Output a plain-text SQL script file (default)
Output a tar archive suitable for input into pg_restore. Using this archive format allows reordering and/or exclusion of schema elements at the time the database is restored. It is also possible to limit which data is reloaded at restore time.
Output a custom archive suitable for input into pg_restore. This is the most flexible format in that it allows reordering of data load as well as schema elements. This format is also compressed by default.
-i--ignore-versionIgnore version mismatch between pg_dump and the database server.
pg_dump can handle databases from previous releases of PostgreSQL, but very old versions are not supported anymore (currently prior to 7.0). Use this option if you need to override the version check (and if pg_dump then fails, don't say you weren't warned).
-o--oidsDump object identifiers (OIDs) for every table. Use this option if your application references the OID columns in some way (e.g., in a foreign key constraint). Otherwise, this option should not be used.
-O--no-ownerDo not output commands to set the object ownership to
match the original database. Typically, pg_dump issues (psql-specific) \connect statements to set ownership of
schema elements. See also under -R and -X
use-set-session-authorization. Note that
-O does not prevent all
reconnections to the database, only the ones that are
exclusively used for ownership adjustments.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-R--no-reconnectProhibit pg_dump from
outputting a script that would require reconnections to the
database while being restored. An average restoration
script usually has to reconnect several times as different
users to set the original ownerships of the objects. This
option is a rather blunt instrument because it makes
pg_dump lose this
ownership information, unless you use the
-X
use-set-session-authorization option.
One possible reason why reconnections during restore might not be desired is if the access to the database requires manual interaction (e.g., passwords).
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-s--schema-onlyDump only the schema (data definitions), no data.
-S username--superuser=usernameSpecify the superuser user name to use when disabling
triggers. This is only relevant if --disable-triggers is used. (Usually, it's
better to specify --use-set-session-authorization, and then
start the resulting script as superuser.)
-t table--table=tableDump data for table only.
-v--verboseSpecifies verbose mode. This will cause pg_dump to print progress messages to standard error.
-x--no-privileges--no-aclPrevent dumping of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
-X
use-set-session-authorization--use-set-session-authorizationNormally, if a (plain-text mode) script generated by
pg_dump must alter the
current database user (e.g., to set correct object
ownerships), it uses the psql \connect
command. This command actually opens a new connection,
which might require manual interaction (e.g., passwords).
If you use the -X
use-set-session-authorization option, then
pg_dump will instead
output SET SESSION
AUTHORIZATION commands. This has the same effect, but
it requires that the user restoring the database from the
generated script be a database superuser. This option
effectively overrides the -R
option.
Since SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION is a standard SQL command, whereas \connect only works in psql, this option also enhances the theoretical portability of the output script.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-X disable-triggers--disable-triggersThis option is only relevant when creating a data-only dump. It instructs pg_dump to include commands to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while the data is reloaded. Use this if you have referential integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you do not want to invoke during data reload.
Presently, the commands emitted for --disable-triggers must be done as
superuser. So, you should also specify a superuser name
with -S, or preferably specify
--use-set-session-authorization
and then be careful to start the resulting script as a
superuser. If you give neither option, the entire script
must be run as superuser.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the other formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-Z 0..9--compress=0..9Specify the compression level to use in archive formats that support compression (currently only the custom archive format supports compression).
The following command-line options control the database connection parameters.
-h host--host=hostSpecifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running. If host begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket.
-p port--port=portSpecifies the Internet TCP/IP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections. The port number defaults to 5432, or the value of the PGPORT environment variable (if set).
-U usernameConnect as the given user
-WForce a password prompt. This should happen automatically if the server requires password authentication.
Long option forms are only available on some platforms.
Connection to database 'template1' failed.
connectDBStart() -- connect() failed: No such file or directory
Is the postmaster running locally
and accepting connections on Unix socket '/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432'?
pg_dump could not attach to the PostgreSQL server on the specified host and port. If you see this message, ensure that the server is running on the proper host and that you have specified the proper port.
Note: pg_dump internally executes SELECT statements. If you have problems running pg_dump, make sure you are able to select information from the database using, for example, psql.
If your installation has any local additions to the template1 database, be careful to restore the output of pg_dump into a truly empty database; otherwise you are likely to get errors due to duplicate definitions of the added objects. To make an empty database without any local additions, copy from template0 not template1, for example:
CREATE DATABASE foo WITH TEMPLATE template0;
pg_dump has a few limitations:
When dumping a single table or as plain text, pg_dump does not handle large objects. Large objects must be dumped in their entirety using one of the binary archive formats.
When doing a data only dump, pg_dump emits queries to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the data and queries to re-enable them after the data has been inserted. If the restore is stopped in the middle, the system catalogs may be left in the wrong state.
Members of tar archives are limited to a size less than 8 GB. (This is an inherent limitation of the tar file format.) Therefore this format cannot be used if the textual representation of a table exceeds that size. The total size of a tar archive and any of the other output formats is not limited, except possibly by the operating system.
To dump a database:
$ pg_dump mydb > db.out
To reload this database:
$ psql -d database -f db.out
To dump a database called mydb that contains large objects to a tar file:
$ pg_dump -Ft -b mydb > db.tar
To reload this database (with large objects) to an existing database called newdb:
$ pg_restore -d newdb db.tar