LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...]
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] IN lockmode MODE
where lockmode is one of:
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE |
SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE
The name of an existing table to lock.
Note: This lock mode is acquired automatically over tables being queried.
This is the least restrictive lock mode. It conflicts only with ACCESS EXCLUSIVE mode. It is used to protect a table from being modified by concurrent ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE and VACUUM FULL commands.
Note: Automatically acquired by SELECT ... FOR UPDATE.
Conflicts with EXCLUSIVE and ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock modes.
Note: Automatically acquired by UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT statements.
Conflicts with SHARE, SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE, EXCLUSIVE and ACCESS EXCLUSIVE modes.
Note: Automatically acquired by VACUUM (without
FULL).
Conflicts with SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE, SHARE, SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE, EXCLUSIVE and ACCESS EXCLUSIVE modes. This mode protects a table against concurrent schema changes and VACUUMs.
Note: Automatically acquired by CREATE INDEX. Share-locks the entire table.
Conflicts with ROW EXCLUSIVE, SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE, SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE, EXCLUSIVE and ACCESS EXCLUSIVE modes. This mode protects a table against concurrent data updates.
Note: This is like EXCLUSIVE MODE, but allows ROW SHARE locks by others.
Conflicts with ROW EXCLUSIVE, SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE, SHARE, SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE, EXCLUSIVE and ACCESS EXCLUSIVE modes.
Note: This mode is yet more restrictive than SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE. It blocks all concurrent ROW SHARE/SELECT...FOR UPDATE queries.
Conflicts with ROW SHARE, ROW EXCLUSIVE, SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE, SHARE, SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE, EXCLUSIVE and ACCESS EXCLUSIVE modes. This mode allows only concurrent ACCESS SHARE, i.e., only reads from the table can proceed in parallel with a transaction holding this lock mode.
Note: Automatically acquired by ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, VACUUM FULL statements. This is the most restrictive lock mode which protects a locked table from any concurrent operations.
Note: This lock mode is also acquired by an unqualified LOCK TABLE (i.e., the command without an explicit lock mode option).
Conflicts with all lock modes.
LOCK TABLE controls concurrent access to a table for the duration of a transaction. PostgreSQL always uses the least restrictive lock mode whenever possible. LOCK TABLE provides for cases when you might need more restrictive locking.
RDBMS locking uses the following terminology:
An exclusive lock prevents other locks of the same type from being granted. (Note: ROW EXCLUSIVE mode does not follow this naming convention perfectly, since it is shared at the level of the table; it is exclusive only with respect to specific rows that are being updated.)
A shared lock allows others to also hold the same type of lock, but prevents the corresponding EXCLUSIVE lock from being granted.
Locks table schema.
Locks individual rows.
For example, suppose an application runs a transaction at READ COMMITTED isolation level and needs to ensure the existence of data in a table for the duration of the transaction. To achieve this you could obtain SHARE lock mode over the table before querying. This will prevent concurrent data changes and ensure further read operations over the table see data in their actual current state, because SHARE lock mode conflicts with any ROW EXCLUSIVE lock acquired by writers, and your LOCK TABLE name IN SHARE MODE statement will wait until any concurrent write operations commit or rollback. Thus, once you obtain the lock, there are no uncommitted writes outstanding.
Note: To read data in their actual current state when running a transaction at the SERIALIZABLE isolation level, you have to execute the LOCK TABLE statement before executing any DML statement. A serializable transaction's view of data will be frozen when its first DML statement begins.
In addition to the requirements above, if a transaction is going to change data in a table, then SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE lock mode should be acquired to prevent deadlock conditions when two concurrent transactions attempt to lock the table in SHARE mode and then try to change data in this table, both (implicitly) acquiring ROW EXCLUSIVE lock mode that conflicts with a concurrent SHARE lock.
To continue with the deadlock (when two transactions wait for one another) issue raised above, you should follow two general rules to prevent deadlock conditions:
Transactions have to acquire locks on the same objects in the same order.
For example, if one application updates row R1 and than updates row R2 (in the same transaction) then the second application shouldn't update row R2 if it's going to update row R1 later (in a single transaction). Instead, it should update rows R1 and R2 in the same order as the first application.
Transactions should acquire two conflicting lock modes only if one of them is self-conflicting (i.e., may be held by only one transaction at a time). If multiple lock modes are involved, then transactions should always acquire the most restrictive mode first.
An example for this rule was given previously when discussing the use of SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE mode rather than SHARE mode.
Note: PostgreSQL does detect deadlocks and will rollback at least one waiting transaction to resolve the deadlock.
When locking multiple tables, the command LOCK a, b; is equivalent to LOCK a; LOCK b;. The tables are locked one-by-one in the order specified in the LOCK command.
LOCK ... IN ACCESS SHARE MODE requires SELECT privileges on the target table. All other forms of LOCK require UPDATE and/or DELETE privileges.
LOCK is useful only inside a transaction block (BEGIN...COMMIT), since the lock is dropped as soon as the transaction ends. A LOCK command appearing outside any transaction block forms a self-contained transaction, so the lock will be dropped as soon as it is obtained.
Illustrate a SHARE lock on a primary key table when going to perform inserts into a foreign key table:
BEGIN WORK;
LOCK TABLE films IN SHARE MODE;
SELECT id FROM films
WHERE name = 'Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace';
-- Do ROLLBACK if record was not returned
INSERT INTO films_user_comments VALUES
(_id_, 'GREAT! I was waiting for it for so long!');
COMMIT WORK;
Take a SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE lock on a primary key table when going to perform a delete operation:
BEGIN WORK;
LOCK TABLE films IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE;
DELETE FROM films_user_comments WHERE id IN
(SELECT id FROM films WHERE rating < 5);
DELETE FROM films WHERE rating < 5;
COMMIT WORK;
There is no LOCK TABLE in SQL92, which instead uses SET TRANSACTION to specify concurrency levels on transactions. We support that too; see SET TRANSACTION for details.
Except for ACCESS SHARE, ACCESS EXCLUSIVE, and SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE lock modes, the PostgreSQL lock modes and the LOCK TABLE syntax are compatible with those present in Oracle(TM).