10.1. PostgreSQL Architectural Concepts

Before we begin, you should understand the basic PostgreSQL system architecture. Understanding how the parts of PostgreSQL interact will make the next chapter somewhat clearer. In database jargon, PostgreSQL uses a simple "process per-user" client/server model. A PostgreSQL session consists of the following cooperating Unix processes (programs):

• A supervisory daemon process (the postmaster),

• the user's frontend application (e.g., the psql program), and

• one or more backend database servers (the postgres process itself).

A single postmaster manages a given collection of databases on a single host. Such a collection of databases is called a cluster (of databases). A frontend application that wishes to access a given database within a cluster makes calls to an interface library (e.g., libpq) that is linked into the application. The library sends user requests over the network to the postmaster (Figure 10-1(a)), which in turn starts a new backend server process (Figure 10-1(b))

and connects the frontend process to the new server (Figure 10-1(c)). From that point on, the frontend process and the backend server communicate without intervention by the postmaster. Hence, the postmaster is always running, waiting for connection requests, whereas frontend and backend processes come and go. The libpq library allows a single frontend to make multiple connections to backend processes. However, each backend process is a single-threaded process that can only execute one query at a time; so the communication over any one frontend-to-backend connection is single-threaded.

One implication of this architecture is that the postmaster and the backend always run on the same machine (the database server), while the frontend application may run anywhere. You should keep this in mind, because the files that can be accessed on a client machine may not be accessible (or may only be accessed using a different path name) on the database server machine.

You should also be aware that the postmaster and postgres servers run with the user ID of the PostgreSQL "superuser". Note that the PostgreSQL superuser does not have to be any particular user (e.g., a user named postgres), although many systems are installed that way. Furthermore, the PostgreSQL superuser should definitely not be the Unix superuser, root! It is safest if the PostgreSQL superuser is an ordinary, unprivileged user so far as the surrounding Unix system is concerned. In any case, all files relating to a database should belong to this Postgres superuser.