Before you can do anything, you must initialize a database storage area on disk. We call this a database cluster. (SQL speaks of a catalog cluster instead.) A database cluster is a collection of databases that will be accessible through a single instance of a running database server. After initialization, a database cluster will contain one database named template1. As the name suggests, this will be used as a template for any subsequently created database; it should not be used for actual work.
In file system terms, a database cluster will be a single directory under which all data will be stored. We call this the data directory or data area. It is completely up to you where you choose to store your data, there is no default, although locations such as /usr/local/pgsql/data or /var/lib/pgsql/data are popular. To initialize a database cluster, use the command initdb, which is installed with PostgreSQL. The desired file system location of your database system is indicated by the -D option, for example
> initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/dataNote that you must execute this command while being logged in to the Postgres user account, which is described in the previous section.
Tip: As an alternative to the -D option, you can set the environment variable PGDATA.
initdb will attempt to create the directory you specify if it does not already exist. It is likely that it won't have the permission to do so (if you followed our advice and created an unprivileged account). In that case you should create the directory yourself (as root) and transfer ownership of it to the Postgres user account. Here is how this might work:
root# mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data root# chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data root# su postgres postgres> initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
initdb will refuse to run if the data directory looks like it belongs to an already initialized installation.
Because the data directory contains all the data stored in the database it is essential that it be well secured from unauthorized access. initdb therefore revokes access permissions from everyone but the Postgres user account.
One surprise you might encounter while running initdb is a notice similar to this one:
NOTICE: Initializing database with en_US collation order.
This locale setting will prevent use of index optimization for
LIKE and regexp searches. If you are concerned about speed of
such queries, you may wish to set LC_COLLATE to "C" and
re-initdb. For more information see the Administrator's Guide.
This notice is intended to warn you that the currently
selected locale will cause indexes to be sorted in an order that
prevents them from being used for LIKE and regular-expression
searches. If you need good performance of such searches, you should
set your current locale to "C" and re-run initdb. On most systems, setting the current locale
is done by changing the value of the environment variable
LC_ALL or LANG.
The sort order used within a particular database cluster is set
by initdb and cannot be changed later,
short of dumping all data, re-initdb, reload data. So it's
important to make this choice correctly now.