| PostgreSQL 8.0.26 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Object identifiers (OIDs) are used internally by PostgreSQL as primary keys for various system tables. An OID system column is also added to user-created tables, unless WITHOUT OIDS is specified when the table is created, or the default_with_oids configuration variable is set to false. Type oid represents an object identifier. There are also several alias types for oid: regproc, regprocedure, regoper, regoperator, regclass, and regtype. Table 8-19 shows an overview.
The oid type is currently implemented as an unsigned four-byte integer. Therefore, it is not large enough to provide database-wide uniqueness in large databases, or even in large individual tables. So, using a user-created table's OID column as a primary key is discouraged. OIDs are best used only for references to system tables.
Note: OIDs are included by default in user-created tables in PostgreSQL 8.0.26. However, this behavior is likely to change in a future version of PostgreSQL. Eventually, user-created tables will not include an OID system column unless WITH OIDS is specified when the table is created, or the default_with_oids configuration variable is set to true. If your application requires the presence of an OID system column in a table, it should specify WITH OIDS when that table is created to ensure compatibility with future releases of PostgreSQL.
The oid type itself has few operations beyond comparison. It can be cast to integer, however, and then manipulated using the standard integer operators. (Beware of possible signed-versus-unsigned confusion if you do this.)
The OID alias types have no operations of their own except for specialized input and output routines. These routines are able to accept and display symbolic names for system objects, rather than the raw numeric value that type oid would use. The alias types allow simplified lookup of OID values for objects. For example, to examine the pg_attribute rows related to a table mytable, one could write
SELECT * FROM pg_attribute WHERE attrelid = 'mytable'::regclass;
rather than
SELECT * FROM pg_attribute WHERE attrelid = (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'mytable');
While that doesn't look all that bad by itself, it's still oversimplified. A far more complicated sub-select would be needed to select the right OID if there are multiple tables named mytable in different schemas. The regclass input converter handles the table lookup according to the schema path setting, and so it does the "right thing" automatically. Similarly, casting a table's OID to regclass is handy for symbolic display of a numeric OID.
Table 8-19. Object Identifier Types
| Name | References | Description | Value Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| oid | any | numeric object identifier | 564182 |
| regproc | pg_proc | function name | sum |
| regprocedure | pg_proc | function with argument types | sum(int4) |
| regoper | pg_operator | operator name | + |
| regoperator | pg_operator | operator with argument types | *(integer,integer) or -(NONE,integer) |
| regclass | pg_class | relation name | pg_type |
| regtype | pg_type | data type name | integer |
All of the OID alias types accept schema-qualified names, and will display schema-qualified names on output if the object would not be found in the current search path without being qualified. The regproc and regoper alias types will only accept input names that are unique (not overloaded), so they are of limited use; for most uses regprocedure or regoperator is more appropriate. For regoperator, unary operators are identified by writing NONE for the unused operand.
Another identifier type used by the system is xid, or transaction (abbreviated xact) identifier. This is the data type of the system columns xmin and xmax. Transaction identifiers are 32-bit quantities.
A third identifier type used by the system is cid, or command identifier. This is the data type of the system columns cmin and cmax. Command identifiers are also 32-bit quantities.
A final identifier type used by the system is tid, or tuple identifier (row identifier). This is the data type of the system column ctid. A tuple ID is a pair (block number, tuple index within block) that identifies the physical location of the row within its table.
(The system columns are further explained in Section 5.4.)