diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 948733c..a2d5981 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -2123,7 +2123,7 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	AtEOXact_on_commit_actions(true);
 	AtEOXact_Namespace(true, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtEOXact_SMgr();
-	AtEOXact_Files();
+	AtEOXact_Files(true);
 	AtEOXact_ComboCid();
 	AtEOXact_HashTables(true);
 	AtEOXact_PgStat(true);
@@ -2401,7 +2401,7 @@ PrepareTransaction(void)
 	AtEOXact_on_commit_actions(true);
 	AtEOXact_Namespace(true, false);
 	AtEOXact_SMgr();
-	AtEOXact_Files();
+	AtEOXact_Files(true);
 	AtEOXact_ComboCid();
 	AtEOXact_HashTables(true);
 	/* don't call AtEOXact_PgStat here; we fixed pgstat state above */
@@ -2603,7 +2603,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 		AtEOXact_on_commit_actions(false);
 		AtEOXact_Namespace(false, is_parallel_worker);
 		AtEOXact_SMgr();
-		AtEOXact_Files();
+		AtEOXact_Files(false);
 		AtEOXact_ComboCid();
 		AtEOXact_HashTables(false);
 		AtEOXact_PgStat(false);
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index 3b90b16..02e6d81 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ AutoVacLauncherMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		}
 		AtEOXact_Buffers(false);
 		AtEOXact_SMgr();
-		AtEOXact_Files();
+		AtEOXact_Files(false);
 		AtEOXact_HashTables(false);
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index b7813d7..d5ce685 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(void)
 		/* we needn't bother with the other ResourceOwnerRelease phases */
 		AtEOXact_Buffers(false);
 		AtEOXact_SMgr();
-		AtEOXact_Files();
+		AtEOXact_Files(false);
 		AtEOXact_HashTables(false);
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index 4b452e7..0950ada 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(void)
 		/* we needn't bother with the other ResourceOwnerRelease phases */
 		AtEOXact_Buffers(false);
 		AtEOXact_SMgr();
-		AtEOXact_Files();
+		AtEOXact_Files(false);
 		AtEOXact_HashTables(false);
 
 		/* Warn any waiting backends that the checkpoint failed. */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 4fa3a3b..688d5b5 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ WalWriterMain(void)
 		/* we needn't bother with the other ResourceOwnerRelease phases */
 		AtEOXact_Buffers(false);
 		AtEOXact_SMgr();
-		AtEOXact_Files();
+		AtEOXact_Files(false);
 		AtEOXact_HashTables(false);
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c b/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
index f772dfe..07e1e48 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ static bool reserveAllocatedDesc(void);
 static int	FreeDesc(AllocateDesc *desc);
 
 static void AtProcExit_Files(int code, Datum arg);
-static void CleanupTempFiles(bool isProcExit);
+static void CleanupTempFiles(bool isCommit, bool isProcExit);
 static void RemovePgTempFilesInDir(const char *tmpdirname, bool missing_ok,
 					   bool unlink_all);
 static void RemovePgTempRelationFiles(const char *tsdirname);
@@ -2902,17 +2902,19 @@ AtEOSubXact_Files(bool isCommit, SubTransactionId mySubid,
 /*
  * AtEOXact_Files
  *
- * This routine is called during transaction commit or abort (it doesn't
- * particularly care which).  All still-open per-transaction temporary file
- * VFDs are closed, which also causes the underlying files to be deleted
- * (although they should've been closed already by the ResourceOwner
- * cleanup). Furthermore, all "allocated" stdio files are closed. We also
- * forget any transaction-local temp tablespace list.
+ * This routine is called during transaction commit or abort.  All still-open
+ * per-transaction temporary file VFDs are closed, which also causes the
+ * underlying files to be deleted (although they should've been closed already
+ * by the ResourceOwner cleanup). Furthermore, all "allocated" stdio files are
+ * closed. We also forget any transaction-local temp tablespace list.
+ *
+ * The isCommit flag is used only to decide whether to emit warnings about
+ * unclosed files.
  */
 void
-AtEOXact_Files(void)
+AtEOXact_Files(bool isCommit)
 {
-	CleanupTempFiles(false);
+	CleanupTempFiles(isCommit, false);
 	tempTableSpaces = NULL;
 	numTempTableSpaces = -1;
 }
@@ -2926,12 +2928,15 @@ AtEOXact_Files(void)
 static void
 AtProcExit_Files(int code, Datum arg)
 {
-	CleanupTempFiles(true);
+	CleanupTempFiles(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
  * Close temporary files and delete their underlying files.
  *
+ * isCommit: if true, this is normal transaction commit, and we don't
+ * expect any remaining files; warn if there are some.
+ *
  * isProcExit: if true, this is being called as the backend process is
  * exiting. If that's the case, we should remove all temporary files; if
  * that's not the case, we are being called for transaction commit/abort
@@ -2939,7 +2944,7 @@ AtProcExit_Files(int code, Datum arg)
  * also clean up "allocated" stdio files, dirs and fds.
  */
 static void
-CleanupTempFiles(bool isProcExit)
+CleanupTempFiles(bool isCommit, bool isProcExit)
 {
 	Index		i;
 
@@ -2979,6 +2984,11 @@ CleanupTempFiles(bool isProcExit)
 		have_xact_temporary_files = false;
 	}
 
+	/* Complain if any allocated files remain open at commit. */
+	if (isCommit && numAllocatedDescs > 0)
+		elog(WARNING, "%d temporary files and directories not closed at end-of-transaction",
+			 numAllocatedDescs);
+
 	/* Clean up "allocated" stdio files, dirs and fds. */
 	while (numAllocatedDescs > 0)
 		FreeDesc(&allocatedDescs[0]);
diff --git a/src/include/storage/fd.h b/src/include/storage/fd.h
index 484339b..548a832 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/fd.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/fd.h
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ extern void SetTempTablespaces(Oid *tableSpaces, int numSpaces);
 extern bool TempTablespacesAreSet(void);
 extern int	GetTempTablespaces(Oid *tableSpaces, int numSpaces);
 extern Oid	GetNextTempTableSpace(void);
-extern void AtEOXact_Files(void);
+extern void AtEOXact_Files(bool isCommit);
 extern void AtEOSubXact_Files(bool isCommit, SubTransactionId mySubid,
 				  SubTransactionId parentSubid);
 extern void RemovePgTempFiles(void);