some Page/PageData const stuff

In [0] I wrote:

"""
I was fiddling a bit with making some Page-related APIs const-proof,
which might involve changing something like "Page p" to "const PageData
*p", but I was surprised that a type PageData exists but it's an
unrelated type local to generic_xlog.c.

This patch renames that type to a more specific name
[GenericXLogPageData]. This makes room for possibly adding another
PageData type with the earlier meaning, but that's not done here.

"""

[0]:
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/001d457e-c118-4219-8132-e1846c2ae3c9%40eisentraut.org

This is now the follow-up that adds back PageData with the earlier
meaning and updates a few of the Page-related APIs to be const-proof.
That is all pretty straightforward, except one inline function that had
to be changed back to a macro, because it is used in a way that
sometimes it takes const and returns const and sometimes takes non-const
and returns non-const. (We might be able to do that kind of thing
better with C23 in N years. ;-) )

Just a thought, I've been thinking it might be neat if PageData were
actually defined something like this:

typedef struct PageData
{
union
{
PageHeaderData phdr;
PGAlignedBlock data;
};
} PageData;

Then you could write all those (PageHeader) casts in a more elegant way,
and you don't get to randomly mix char * and Page, which has very weak
type safety. But this currently totally breaks, because many places
assume you can do char-based pointer arithmetic with Page values. So
this would need further analysis.